日志20220905文献标注的使用环境

日志20200905

文献标注的使用环境

Where Referencing Needs to Be Used

翻译书的时候，发现参考文献列表是个特别繁杂的项目。内容虽然容易处理，但几十上百条的人名书名出版社名页码，很容易出错。但是这个部分是学术写作特别看重的，因为这个涉及到学者对资料的掌握能力。人类创造了无比巨大的书面语言语料体，以前只有图书馆，现在又有了互联网和各种电子资料。这个信息体代表着所有曾经出现又被记录下来的人类思想。怎样选择必要的信息在其中定位一个想法，这才是参考文献标注体系要解决的问题。

When I translate a book, I often find that reference list is a particularly intricate part. Its contents are easy to handle, but you can make mistakes easily when facing dozens or even hundreds of names of authors, books and publishers. Nonetheless, people see this part as vital in academic writing because it reveals a scholar’s ability to master research materials. Humans create a gargantuan corpus of written language. In the past, it only stays in libraries. Now there are the Internet and various electric data. This body of information represents all human thoughts that have emerged and then recorded. How to select necessary information to locate any idea in it, this is the question a referencing system needs to resolve.

学术写作，或者说任何具有研究讨论性质的写作，都要以前人的工作为参考。有时需要把他人的作品作为研究对象，有时需要提到他人的观点。前者需要大段或者成篇地使用他人的作品，后者则关注他人思想的具体内容。

Academic writing or any writing of the nature of research or discussion, requires the reference of other people’s work in the past. Sometimes, the works of other authors are taken as the object of research. Sometimes an author needs to use other people’s ideas. The former generally requires quoting paragraphs or pages of other’s works; the latter focuses on the specific content of other’s thoughts.

文章或者文本具有很多明确的特性，可以通过一组信息来定位。无论是一段文字还是其中的观点，都可以从现实中存在的某个实际版本中定位下来。

An article or a text has many distinctive characteristics and thus can be located with a group of information items. Whether it is a paragraph or an idea in it, it can be located in some concrete copy existed in reality.

文章的读者遇到作者引用的他人作品或者观点，可能会需要查找原文，所以，作者会在作品中提供定位引用文本或者观点的信息。这个定位信息可以在文内、附注、参考文献列表单中提供，方便读者了解。

A read of an article might look up for the original when its author quote or allude to other’s work or opinion. So the author will provide information to find the work or opinion that he has used in his writing. Such locational information can be given in text, notes or reference list for the reader to use.

另一方面，声明引用他人作品，同时提供引用来源也是写作者的职业道德要求。

In addition, clearly stating the quotation of other’s work and giving the information on the source is part of the code of ethics of writers.

如果把作品作为研究材料，会直接引用其中的段落。如果是简单的几个词或者几句话，可以使用直接引语，放在自己文章段落当中。如果是大段的引用，或者有几页以上，就要用与行文不同的缩进版式，独立成段引用。

If a work is taken as research materials, an author might quote its paragraphs or sections. If he only uses several words or sentences, he may quote and put them inside a paragraph of his own writing. If he quotes long paragraphs or sometimes more than several pages, he will use an indented style different from his own writing and quote in an independent section of the text.

引用作品的观点也可以采用直接引语，按照上面的方式。也可以采用间接引语的方式，转述或者概述他人的观点。转述或者概述的内容可以是一句话、一段话、一个章节、一篇文章或者一本书。

Direct quotation can also be used when using an idea in some writing in the same way in the above. Or an author can quote indirectly, paraphrasing or summarizing other’s opinions. The content he paraphrases or summarizes may be a sentence, a paragraph, a section, an article or a book.

标注参考文献有两种方式：附注和参考文献列表

There are two ways of referencing: Notes and reference list.

附注是在文章中加上附注的编号，然后单独写一些必要的解释文字，再加上参考文献信息，同时注明页码或者章节号用准确定位。把附注内容写在文内的各页下面，就是脚注。把附注合在一起放在文章或者书的每个章节后面，就是尾注。

Notes are superscripted numbers in text and some words listed in corresponding numbers to make necessary explanation and give the information on referenced works. And page numbers or section or chapter numbers are also given for accurate location. Footnotes are notes written at the end of each page in text. When notes are collected together and put the end of an article or each section or chapter of a book, they are endnotes.

如果采用参考文献列表的方式，就是按照作者姓氏的字母顺序把作者、作品等等信息列举出来。

In a reference list, information on author, books and other things are given in the alphabetic order of the surnames of authors.

文内引用到作品的内容或者转述观点时，会出现两种情况：一种是直接提到了作者姓名，这时可以在后面注明作品的年份和页码，加上括号，如Weiss（1972, p25）。 如果提到的是作品的全部，就只注明年份，如Weiss（1972）。一种是没有提到作者的姓名，可以在引用的观点本句加上括号，注明作者姓名缩写，作品年份和页码，如（Weiss, C.H. 1972, p25）。

There are two ways to quote the content of a work or use an idea in it in text: When the name of the author is mentioned directly, the year of publishing of the work and the page numbers of the referenced part can be noted behind his name in a pair of round brackets, such as C. H. Weiss (1972, p25). When the entire work is mentioned, only the year of publishing is noted, such as C.H. Weiss (1972). When the name of the author is not mentioned in text, the referencing information can be given in round brackets where the referenced part appears, including the abbreviations and surname of the author, the year of publishing of the work, and page numbers in the brackets, such as (Weiss, C.H. 1972, p25).