理解了这两点 才算真正懂英语语法
大家好,我是老何!
今天是我们语法系列的最后一章了。
开始之前,我们来复习一下前面的语法知识,老何给大家简单梳理了英语的几个重要语法点:
今天老何再给大家讲两个语法难点:省略和倒装。
省略
英文句中有时会出现省略某些词、成分的情况,给我们理解带来困难,我们需要了解并分析这些特殊情况。
我将英文句子省略大致分为以下八种情况:
1) 并列复合句某些相同成分的省略。
--this computer works well, but that one doesn’t (work well).2) 某些状语从句内省略跟主句相同的主语及其Be动词。(when, while, if, as if, though, although, as, until,once, whether, unless, where等)
--when (I am) in trouble, I always turn to her for help.--errors, if (there are) any, should be corrected.--the letter is to be left here until (it is ) called for.
3) 见到when(或if,where,wherever, whenever, as soon as, than等)+possible(或necessary等)时,可理解为省略it is/was。
--answer this question, if (it is ) possible without referring to the book.
4) 在know, think, consider, suppose, find, believe, say, show, decide等及物动词后面的宾语从句常省略连词that。少数时候,that引导的主语从句也可以省略that(主要在it为形式主语的时候。)
--I think (that) it will clear up this afternoon.我觉得今天下午天气会转晴。--we know (that) Jack is going to buy a new personal computer.--it is an honor (that) I was invited to the party.--it’s time (that) she took the floor. 该她发言了。
5) 在限定性定语从句内可以省略作宾语的关系代词whom,who, which, that; the same...as 和such...as 引出的一些定语从句可以省略与主句相同的成分。
--the software (which/that) we developed last year can be used to control this process.--the rate of heat transfer through air is not the same as (the rate of heat transfer )through water.
上面几种情况在英文中经常出现,如果在阅读时发现句子残缺不全,首先就要注意是否有省略的情况。判断方式如下:
----看句中有没有and, or, but, when, while, than, if, as, as if, until, unless, once, although, no matter how, whether等连接词,它们是判别有无省略成分的标志词。----有时分号,逗号也可能使分句简化,出现省略情况。----定语从句省略作宾语的关系代词that,which,whom或者in which。
6) 用so,not或其他手段来省略上文或者问句中的一部分或整个句义。
---Jessica may not be free today. If so, you will not come to me.--- -can you do this work?-I am afraid not.--- -does she write letters to them?-not any that I know of.
7) 在 “the +比较级..., the +比较级...”句子中省略be或者there be。
--the higher the temperature (is), the greater the volume (is).--in studying a foreign language, the more practice (there is), the better ( it is).8) 在用so + that 连接的从句中省略so或者that的情况
--we are very tired, (so) that we had better hurry home.--you are so fast, I cannot keep pace with you.(如果加上that,中间不用逗号。)
倒装
英文中,主谓结构这种语序,一般较为固定。
有时候由于语法、修辞、强调、结构匀称的需要,句中语序会发生一些变化,凡是主语和谓语位置有变化的句子,语言学上就称为“倒装语序”。倒装语序有时候会造成一些句子理解上的困难,而我们在写句子的时候也应当注意倒装的情况。
1. 主谓倒装
1)疑问句需要倒装
2) there be句型
3) 表祝愿的句子有时也会倒装
----may you succeed! 4) 句首以否定词not, not only, never, no, hardly, scarcely, little, no sooner...than, seldom, not until等开头的句子,后面的主谓要到装。
---- seldom (rarely) has he met us lately.---- not until midnight did I solve the problem. 5) 句首是hence, thus, only, often, may a time, so(作’如此‘讲,不作’因此‘讲)here等副词时,主谓可能颠倒。以there,now,then为句首,谓语为come,go,follow时,主谓常颠倒。
--thus ended the lesson.--only after they had performed hundreds of experiments did they succeed in solving the problem.--now comes your turn.--here is the palm computer you want. 6) 分句以so (作’也如此‘讲), nor,neither, no more开头时,主谓一般采用疑问句格式的颠倒。
--our society has changed and so have the people in it.--copper conducts electricity; so it does. (若第二个分句只是重复前句的意思,主谓不颠倒)--I don’t think Jack will come, nor (或neither) will Jane. 7) 非真实条件句省略if时,主谓按照疑问格式颠倒。
--should the weather be wet, I shall stay at home.
2. 结构匀称
--he told me in detail how they overcame all the difficulties.(he told me how they overcame all the difficulties in detail.)--no method is known by which it is possible to create energy out of nothing.(no method by which it is possible to create energy out of nothing.)3. 强调
--much as he likes physics, he likes mathematics better.--down came the ceiling.--written on the label is the model of the car.--to be especially considered is construction of some elevated roads.--their views we believe to be fair and true.
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