IGCSE经济学文章之三

知识点分析

价格是市场经济运行的重要信号，市场经济的核心是价格机制。然而价格并不是一成不变的，相反价格水平始终都围绕着买着与卖着的市场交易行为波动。当物价水平发生改变时，货币的实际购买力也将发生改变，消费者、劳动者、政府与企业均会收到影响。本篇文章主要针对物价水平的波动尤其是通货膨胀的相关内容展开。

一：有关物价水平波动的相关专业词汇

Inflation 通货膨胀

Inflation is the sustained rise in the general price level over time. This means that the cost of living increases and the purchasing power of money decreases.

通货膨胀指物价水平持续的、普遍的上涨。

Disinflation 通货减缩

Disinflation is the falling rate of inflation. This is when the average price level is still rising, but to a slower extent. This means goods and services are relatively cheaper now than a year ago, and the purchasing power of money has increased.

通货减缩的状态下物价水平依然在涨，也就是物价水平依旧是大于0，只不过物价水平上涨的速度有所放缓。

Deflation 通货紧缩

Deflation is the opposite, where the average price level in the economy falls. There is a negative inflation rate.

物价水平持续、普遍下降的一种情况，此时通货膨胀率为负值。

二：通货膨胀引起的原因

A. Demand pull: 需求拉动型的通货膨胀

This is from the demand side of the economy. When aggregate demand is growing unsustainably, there is pressure on resources. Producers increase their prices and earn more profits. It usually occurs when resources are fully employed.

总需求（消费、投资、政府支出和净出口）增加导致物价水平上涨。

此处附模型图

The main triggers for demand pull inflation are：

A depreciation in the exchange rate, which causes imports to become more expensive, whilst exports become cheaper. This causes AD to rise.（汇率贬值促进出口增加）

Fiscal stimulus in the form of lower taxes or more government spending. This means consumers have more disposable income, so consumer spending increases.（政府财政刺激，增加公共支出，减少税收带动消费和投资）

Lower interest rates makes saving less attractive and borrowing more attractive, so consumer spending increases. （降低利率刺激消费和投资）

High growth in export markets means exports increase and AD increases. （出口市场的发展）

B. Cost push: 成本推动型的通货膨胀

This is from the supply side of the economy, and occurs when firms face rising costs. This occurs when:

Raw materials become more expensive, such as when oil prices rise.原材料价格上涨

Labour becomes more expensive. This could be through trade unions, for example.劳动力工资报酬增加

Expectations of inflation- if consumers expect prices to rise, they may ask for higher wages to make up for this, and this could trigger more inflation.对通货膨胀的预期导致劳动者要求更高的工资以维持生活开销。

Indirect taxes could increase the cost of goods such as cigarettes or fuel, if producers choose to pass the costs onto the consumer. 政府增加间接税会使生产者以抬高价格的形式转移部分税收给消费者。

Depreciation in the exchange rate, which causes imports to become more expensive, which pushes up the price of raw materials.汇率贬值使进口原材料变得更加昂贵。

Monopolies, using their dominant market position to exploit consumers with high prices.

垄断或寡头垄断市场条件下，缺乏市场竞争导致垄断企业生产效率低，成本高，企业为获得超额利润会进一步地太高商品的价格。

C. Growth of the money supply: 货币供给量增加

If, for instance, the Bank of England printed more money, there would be more money flowing in the economy. Extreme increases in the money supply usually cause hyperinflation（恶性通货膨胀）, when the rate of inflation is incredibly high and uncontrollable. It is only inflationary if the money supply increases at a faster rate than real output.

当货币供给量超过市场上实际需要货币量就会导致货币贬值，物价水平下降。

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